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Main types of water-saving irrigation
1. Channel seepage control channel water transfer is the main way of irrigation in China. The water utilization coefficient of the traditional canal system is usually 0.4 to 0.5, with a difference of only 0.3, which means that most of the water is lost through leakage and evaporation. Canal leakage is the main aspect of farmland irrigation water loss. Generally, the utilization coefficient of canal water can be increased to 0.6-0.85 after adopting the technology of canal seepage prevention, which is 50%-70% higher than the original soil canal. It is one of the main measures of water-saving irrigation in China.
According to the materials used, the anti-seepage of the channel can be divided into :(1) anti-seepage of the tri-joint soil surface; (2) Anti-seepage of masonry (pebbles, blocks and fragments); (3) Concrete seepage control; (4) Anti-seepage of plastic film (after lining the film, use earth, concrete or stone protection), etc.
Pipe conveyance Pipeline Conveyance is to use the pipe to send water directly to the field for irrigation, in order to reduce the leakage and evaporation loss of water in the process of open channel conveyance. Pipes have been widely used to carry irrigation water in developed countries. At present, the popularization and application of pipeline water conveyance in the north of China are also fast. Commonly used pipes are concrete pipes, plastic hard (soft) pipes and metal pipes. Compared with channel conveyance, pipeline conveyance has the advantages of rapid conveyance, water-saving, land saving and increased production, etc. Its benefits are as follows: the utilization coefficient of water can be increased to 0.95; Electricity saving 20%-30%; 2%-3% of the province; The increase was 10%. At present, if the use of low-pressure plastic pipeline water delivery, excluding the investment in water source engineering construction (the same as below), mu of investment for 100 yuan -150 yuan. Where conditions permit, pipelines should be actively developed in combination with actual conditions. However, pipeline conveyance can only reduce the water loss in the process of water conveyance, and to truly achieve efficient water use, it is necessary to support spraying, drip irrigation and other water-saving measures in the field. For places that are unable to support spraying and drip irrigation equipment at present, the requirements for pipe layout and pipe bearing capacity should be considered in the future development of spraying and drip irrigation to avoid waste.
3, sprinkler irrigation sprinkler irrigation is the use of the pipeline to the irrigation area, and through the sprinkler to disperse the water into small droplets, evenly sprayed onto the field, for crop irrigation. As an advanced mechanized and semi-mechanized irrigation method, it has been widely used in many developed countries.
The main advantages of sprinkler irrigation are as follows:
(1) Significant water-saving effect, water utilization rate up to 80%. In general, compared with surface irrigation, 1m3 water can be used as 2m3 water.
(2) A large increase in crop yield, generally up to 20%-40%. The reason was that the planting area was increased by 15%-20% due to the elimination of agricultural ditches, mulched ditches, irrigation ditches and ridges. Even irrigation, soil not rigid, is conducive to grab the season, preservation of seedlings; Improved field microclimate and agricultural ecological environment.
(3) Greatly reduced the workload of field canal system construction, management, maintenance and land leveling.
(4) Reduced the cost and labor for irrigation and increased farmers' income.
(5) Conducive to accelerating the realization of agricultural mechanization, industrialization and modernization. (6) Avoid secondary salinization of soil caused by excessive irrigation. Commonly used sprinkler irrigation pipe type, translation type, central shaft type, reel type and light small unit type.
Mobile pipeline cough irrigation usually fixed the main water delivery pipe buried in the ground, field branch pipe and nozzles can be dismantled, moved and used in circulation, thus reducing the investment. Portable pipeline sprinkler irrigation in addition to the general water saving irrigation, increase production, save work, reduce the burden on farmers and agricultural mechanization, industrialization, modernization, and other advantages, also has some advantages such as simple equipment, easy operation, low investment, strong adaptability to field size and shape, a home or partnerships all can use the advantages, is suitable for China's national conditions, can be promoted a form of micro irrigation, applicable drip crops, vegetables, etc., mu investment is 200 yuan per 250 yuan.
Fixed pipe sprinkler irrigation is fixed by installing pipes and nozzles in the field. It has high irrigation efficiency and simple management. It is suitable for the irrigation of vegetables, fruit trees and cash crops. But investment is higher (mu invests in 1000 yuan or so commonly), go against mechanization to cultivate.
The center supporting shaft type and the translation type large sprinkler can only walk within the predetermined range. There should be no tall obstacles in the walking area and the land should be flat. Its mechanization and automation degree is high, suitable for large farm or scale management degree of higher farmland. The use of domestic equipment, each mu investment for 300 yuan -400 yuan.
The coil irrigation machine is driven by the water pressure inside the pipe. Compared with the large irrigation machine with central support shaft and translation, it has the advantages of flexibility, adaptability to large and small fields, low equipment investment and so on. At present, the investment of imported equipment per mu is about 50 yuan, and the investment can be further reduced after the localization of equipment. This is a form of sprinkler irrigation suitable for China's national conditions and has a development prospect, which can be applied to field crops and vegetables. There are two types of coil type sprinkler and discontinuous sprinkler, the latter has the advantages of good atomization and low energy consumption. Light small unit sprinkler irrigation, which can be carried by hand or mounted on a trolley or tractor, has the advantages of flexibility, adaptability and low price. It is usually used for drought-resistant sprinkler irrigation in small land. Investment per mu is 100 yuan -200 yuan.
4. Micro-spray micro-spray is a newly developed form of micro-spray irrigation. It USES plastic pipes to carry water and USES micro-sprinkler heads for local irrigation. It is more water saving than general sprinkler irrigation, can increase production by more than 30%, can improve the field microclimate, can be combined with fertilizer, improve fertilizer efficiency. Homebred equipment mu invests in 500 yuan -800 yuan commonly. Mainly used in fruit trees, cash crops, flowers, lawns, greenhouses and other irrigation.
Drip irrigation is the use of plastic pipes to send water to the root of crops through the orifice or dropper on the capillary tubes with a diameter of about 10mm for local irrigation. At present, it is the most effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas, and its water utilization rate can reach 95%. Compared with sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation has higher effect of saving water and increasing yield. Meanwhile, combined with fertilization, it can improve fertilization efficiency by more than one time. It can be used for irrigation of fruit trees, vegetables, cash crops and greenhouses. It can also be used for irrigation of field crops in places with drought and water shortage. Its disadvantage is that the dropper is easy to scale and plug, so the water should be strictly filtered.
According to the fixed degree of pipeline, drip irrigation can be divided into three types: fixed, semi-fixed and mobile. Fixed drip irrigation, the position of the various levels of the pipe and the drip head is fixed during the irrigation season. Its advantage is to operate simply, save labor, save time, irrigation effect is good. Domestic equipment mu investment is about 700 yuan (fruit trees)-1400 yuan (greenhouse vegetables). Semi-fixed drip irrigation, its dry, branch fixed, capillary manually moved. Mu investment for 500 yuan -700 yuan. Mobile drip irrigation, its dry, branch and capillary are manually moved, simple equipment, compared with semi-fixed drip irrigation save investment, but more labor. Mu of investment for 200 yuan a 500 yuan.
Drip irrigation for water cellars is to collect rainwater or refer other surface runoff to cellars (or other micro-water storage projects), and then add drip irrigation to solve the problem of farmland irrigation in arid areas. It has the characteristics of simple structure, low cost and can be used by every family. It plays an important role in the realization of guaranteed farmland of half mu to one mu per person in arid and poor mountainous areas, solving the problem of food and clothing and developing courtyard economy, which should be vigorously promoted in arid and water-deficient mountainous areas.
Subsurface drip irrigation means that the drip irrigation pipe is buried into the active layer of underground crop root system, and the irrigation water penetrates into the soil through micropores for absorption by crops. In some places, a small hole is drilled on the plastic pipe at a certain distance to be buried near the root of the underground plant for irrigation, commonly known as "infiltration irrigation".
Subsurface drip irrigation has many advantages, such as less evaporation loss, less water, less electricity, less fertilizer, less labor and more production. It can be used for fruit trees, cotton and grain crops. Its disadvantage is that, when the pipeline spacing is large, the irrigation is not uniform enough, in the soil permeability is very large or steep ground is not suitable for use. Mu investment is 400 yuan -1000 yuan. Its benefit is: water saving 50%-60%; Power saving 40-50%; Increase production by about 30%.
Film top irrigation and film under irrigation Cover the bottom of the furrows in the fields with plastic film, the introduced irrigation water flows over the plastic film, and penetrates into the soil near the root of crops for irrigation through the holes in the film. This method is called film top irrigation and has been widely popularized in Xinjiang and other places. The application of membrane irrigation, deep leakage and evaporation loss is less, significant water saving, on the basis of plastic film cultivation does not need to increase the cost of materials, and can play the role of increasing the temperature and soil moisture. In dry areas, drip irrigation tubes can be placed under the film, or the capillary tube can be used to irrigate through the holes in the film, which is called under the film irrigation. This irrigation method has the advantages of both drip irrigation and plastic film mulching, which can save water and increase yield better.
7. Controlled irrigation "thin, shallow, wet and suntan" controlled irrigation according to different water requirements in different growth stages of rice, which not only saves water, but also benefits the growth of crops and changes the old habits of flood irrigation and string irrigation in rice. It does not need to increase the project investment, only according to the water-saving irrigation system irrigation can be. "Thin, shallow, wet, sun" (thin water transplanting, shallow water breeding, wet in early tillering stage, drying in late tillering stage), "dry breeding and sparse planting" (dry breeding and dry planting, sparse planting, appropriate water replenishing) and other technologies belong to this category, which have been widely spread in more than 10 provinces and autonomous regions such as Guangxi and Jilin in recent years. Generally, it can save water of 100m3 per mu and increase the yield of rice by 25kg. The water-saving irrigation technology of rice has been awarded the first prize of national science and technology progress and should be promoted in rice areas.
8, sitting water in some water shortage places, spring sowing often because of the spring drought seedlings or uneven seedlings. In order to preserve the seedlings, the use of machinery or animal power with water tank, water bag water, when sowing point irrigation, in order to solve the spring drought, commonly known as "sitting water seed." This method is an effective way of saving water and increasing production. When sowing, the water consumption per mu is only 5m3-10m3, which can increase the yield by 10%-15% in high water year and 60%-70% in dry year.
Through leveling the land and improving irrigation ditch furrow (such as large furrow to small furrow, long furrow to short furrow) and other comprehensive measures, irrigation water can be evenly irrigated to achieve the purpose of saving water.
10, scientific irrigation and water-saving management according to the requirements of crop water requirement, timely and right amount water, use advanced science and technology of soil moisture and irrigation ShuPeiShui hydrologic monitoring, data collection and computer processing, scientific and effective to control soil moisture content, reasonable scheduling, planning, optimization of water distribution, in order to achieve the purpose of water saving and increasing production. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to and strengthen water-saving management, change the current situation that the price of agricultural water is too low, which is not conducive to saving water, and implement policies such as charging according to the cost and raising the price of water exceeding the plan. It is necessary to establish and improve a system of water-saving management organizations and technology popularization services, and improve rules and regulations for water-saving management.
Water-saving agricultural measures to popularize water-saving irrigation technology, we must attach great importance to the popularization of water-saving agricultural measures. We can raise the collecting ability and soil moisture in the soil by using rice dryland, prilling seedlings, mulching, prilling stalks, prilling weeds, prilling organic manure and so on. The application of chemical water-retaining agents, the introduction and selection of drought-resistant varieties and the adjustment of crop planting structure are also effective measures to save water.
